Logistics of the supplies of selected forest tree species' cones. Part 1. Cone density and substitution coefficient
Streszczenie
The article presents an analysis of specific density, bulk density and substitution coefficient of empty cones of Scots pine, Norway spruce and European larch, obtained from seed husking plants in Czarna Białostocka and Ruciane Nida. Specific density of the cones of particular species varied from 1,144 to 1,306 kg.m-1, whereas bulk density was equal to 9-18% of their specific density. The highest values were recorded in the case of larch cones, whereas the lowest ones - for spruce cones. Substitution coefficients, determined pursuant to PN-EN 15103:2010 method using a helium pycnometer were, respectively, 0.26 and 0.15 for pine cones, 0.23 and 0.09 for spruce cones, 0.55 and 0.18 for larch cones. The obtained values may be used in the estimations of the load and transport weight of cones for various vehicles, as well as for evaluating transport profitability. Considering the low substitution coefficient, particularly in the case of spruce cones, its estimation ought to be performed after fragmentation of cones supplemented by the use of pressure agglomeration.
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