Thermodynamics of stationary states of the ideal gas in a heat flow
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Data
2022-11-01Autor
Hołyst, Robert
Makuch, Karol
Maciołek, Anna
Żuk, Paweł
Metadane
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There is a long-standing question as to whether and to what extent it is possible to describe nonequilibrium systems in stationary states in terms of global thermodynamic functions. The positive answers have been obtained only for isothermal systems or systems with small temperature differences. We formulate thermodynamics of the stationary states of the ideal gas subjected to heat flow in the form of the zeroth, first, and second law. Surprisingly, the formal structure of steady
state thermodynamics is the same as in equilibrium thermodynamics. We rigorously show that U satisfies the following equation dU = T ∗dS∗ − pdV for a constant number of particles, irrespective of the shape of the container, boundary conditions, size of the system, or mode of heat transfer into
the system. We calculate S∗ and T ∗ explicitly. The theory selects stable nonequilibrium steady states in a multistable system of ideal gas subjected to volumetric heating. It reduces to quilibrium
thermodynamics when heat flux goes to zero.
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